The Eastern Bloc was a term coined by NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization). It is used to refer to former communist states in Eastern and Central Europe which included of the Soviet Union, countries in the Warsaw Pact, and Albania and Yugoslavia. The reason behind the formation of the pact is usually pointed to the aftermath of the Second World War which exposed the expansive and porous Russian border. The communist government saw it wise to not completely withdraw from the neighboring countries it had conquered during the war. Instead, it was decided that there should be a buffer zone made up of loyal neighbors.
Eastern Bloc
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The Eastern Bloc was formed during the Second World War as a unified force led by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Its initial intention was to fight Nazi Germany. However, after the war, the Union lacked a common goal. With Stalin afraid of the neighboring countries converting to capitalism, he mobilized, funded, and mentored socialist movements in the countries which subsequently grabbed power to become socialist states with allegiance to Moscow. These European countries along with Russia formed the Warsaw Pact. These countries then became known as the Eastern Bloc.
Member Countries
The member countries of the Eastern Bloc were spread across eastern and central Europe and comprised of The Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. While most of the countries entered the Eastern Bloc rather smoothly, Yugoslavia and East Germany posed a challenge. Yugoslavia, while being a communist country, did not immediately join the Eastern Bloc and was open to relations with NATO. The country's leader Mr. Josip Broz Tito had disagreed with the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin on several critical issues and in 1948 a split between the two ensued. After the war, Germany was subdivided by the Allied forces with the west part of the country being under British, American and French control while the eastern part was under Soviet rule. Due to differences in ideologies, the western powers named their part of the country the 'Federal Republic of Germany' while the east was named by the Soviets as 'the German Democratic Republic' (East Germany). East Germany was later incorporated into the Eastern Bloc.
Civil Restrictions
Movement across borders in the Eastern Bloc was severely restricted. Political ambitions were harshly suppressed by the communist governments through special secret police organizations which conducted executions of dissidents. The media in all the countries was heavily controlled by the communist governments and was used to spread state-sponsored propaganda to the public. All broadcasts emanating from western media was banned.
Collapse of the Eastern Bloc
Countries in the Eastern Bloc had experienced famine and poverty at unprecedented levels caused by rampant corruption and total failure in service delivery from authorities as well as massive investments to finance the Cold War. In the late 1980s, the Russian regime saw that their alienation from the rest of the world had been retrogressive to their economy and began to open the Eastern Bloc to foreign aid and investment. However, the majority of western powers pegged their assistance to ending of the Eastern Bloc and the independence of all states. Soviet leader Gorbachev implemented democratization and economic restructuring which ultimately saw the death of the Eastern Bloc. In October 1990 the Berlin wall was shut down and east and West Germany were unified, finally in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed into independent countries.
Settlement blocs (sometimes referred to as consensus settlements) is term used to refer to those Israeli settlements and territory around them considered candidates to be retained by Israel in any peace agreement. The exact extent of these blocs has never been defined or agreed upon.
Origin and development of the term[edit]
Usage is found in peace negotiations at Camp David in July 2000 and subsequently in The Clinton Parameters[1]
Moviemator video editor pro 3 0 00. According to a 2001 Foundation for Middle East Peace report, Israel's Final Status Map at Taba, is both 'conceptually and territorially reminiscent of' the 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement that established a Palestinian willingness to consider trading settlement blocs for equivalent Israeli land.[2]
Palestinian leaders have accepted the principle of swaps although neither they nor the United States have ever agreed on a delineation of the blocs.[3]
2000 and 2001[edit]
Starting with Camp David, Palestinians agreed (while differing on the size and location of swaps) Israel could annex some settlement blocs (including Ariel in the north, some parts of the Latrun salient, and the Etzion bloc near Bethlehem) as well as Israeli/Jewish settlements established in East Jerusalem since 1967 such as Gilo, Neve Ya'acov, and Pisgat Ze'ev[4]At Camp David, Israel offered to establish a sovereign Palestinian state encompassing the Gaza Strip, 92 percent of the West Bank (91 percent of the West Bank plus the equivalent of 1 percent of the West Bank in land from pre-1967 Israel), and some parts of Arab East Jerusalem.[4]:5 The Palestinians used a total area of 5,854 square kilometers whereas Israel excluded the area known as No Man's Land (50 sq. km near Latrun), post-1967 East Jerusalem (71 sq. km), and the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195 sq. km) giving 5,538 sq. km. So 91% of 5,538 sq. km of the West Bank translated into 86% from the Palestinian standpoint.[4]:16,17
2003[edit]
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The Geneva initiative includes land swaps of 2.2 percent, with the settlement blocs of Gush Etzion (excluding Efrat), Ma'aleh Adumim (excluding 'E1'), Modi'in Ilit and Givat Ze'ev becoming part of Israel.
2008[edit]
As part of the Annapolis plan, Olmert proposed annexing all the major settlement blocs (about 5.9 percent of the West Bank territory), in exchange for 5.2 percent of Israeli territory whereas Abbas proposed giving Israel 1.6 percent of the West Bank in exchange for 2 percent of Israeli territory. Abbas did not include Ma'aleh Adumim or Givat Ze'ev but did agree to Modi'in Ilit and Gush Etzion (excluding Efrat).[5]Alan Dowty makes use of the Palestine Papers to refer to a 'Summary of Olmert's Package Offer to Abu Mazen' of August 31, 2008,[6] based on information provided by Palestinian spokesperson Saeb Erekat, to describe an offer whereby Israel would annex 6.8% (calculated excluding No Man's Land and East Jerusalem and including Gush Etzion (with Efrat), Ma'ale Adumim, Givat Ze'ev and Ariel as well all settlements in East Jerusalem) in exchange for 5.5% of Israeli territory.[7]
2015[edit]
Collapse of the Eastern Bloc
Countries in the Eastern Bloc had experienced famine and poverty at unprecedented levels caused by rampant corruption and total failure in service delivery from authorities as well as massive investments to finance the Cold War. In the late 1980s, the Russian regime saw that their alienation from the rest of the world had been retrogressive to their economy and began to open the Eastern Bloc to foreign aid and investment. However, the majority of western powers pegged their assistance to ending of the Eastern Bloc and the independence of all states. Soviet leader Gorbachev implemented democratization and economic restructuring which ultimately saw the death of the Eastern Bloc. In October 1990 the Berlin wall was shut down and east and West Germany were unified, finally in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed into independent countries.
Settlement blocs (sometimes referred to as consensus settlements) is term used to refer to those Israeli settlements and territory around them considered candidates to be retained by Israel in any peace agreement. The exact extent of these blocs has never been defined or agreed upon.
Origin and development of the term[edit]
Usage is found in peace negotiations at Camp David in July 2000 and subsequently in The Clinton Parameters[1]
Moviemator video editor pro 3 0 00. According to a 2001 Foundation for Middle East Peace report, Israel's Final Status Map at Taba, is both 'conceptually and territorially reminiscent of' the 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement that established a Palestinian willingness to consider trading settlement blocs for equivalent Israeli land.[2]
Palestinian leaders have accepted the principle of swaps although neither they nor the United States have ever agreed on a delineation of the blocs.[3]
2000 and 2001[edit]
Starting with Camp David, Palestinians agreed (while differing on the size and location of swaps) Israel could annex some settlement blocs (including Ariel in the north, some parts of the Latrun salient, and the Etzion bloc near Bethlehem) as well as Israeli/Jewish settlements established in East Jerusalem since 1967 such as Gilo, Neve Ya'acov, and Pisgat Ze'ev[4]At Camp David, Israel offered to establish a sovereign Palestinian state encompassing the Gaza Strip, 92 percent of the West Bank (91 percent of the West Bank plus the equivalent of 1 percent of the West Bank in land from pre-1967 Israel), and some parts of Arab East Jerusalem.[4]:5 The Palestinians used a total area of 5,854 square kilometers whereas Israel excluded the area known as No Man's Land (50 sq. km near Latrun), post-1967 East Jerusalem (71 sq. km), and the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195 sq. km) giving 5,538 sq. km. So 91% of 5,538 sq. km of the West Bank translated into 86% from the Palestinian standpoint.[4]:16,17
2003[edit]
Blocs 3 2 4 X 2
The Geneva initiative includes land swaps of 2.2 percent, with the settlement blocs of Gush Etzion (excluding Efrat), Ma'aleh Adumim (excluding 'E1'), Modi'in Ilit and Givat Ze'ev becoming part of Israel.
2008[edit]
As part of the Annapolis plan, Olmert proposed annexing all the major settlement blocs (about 5.9 percent of the West Bank territory), in exchange for 5.2 percent of Israeli territory whereas Abbas proposed giving Israel 1.6 percent of the West Bank in exchange for 2 percent of Israeli territory. Abbas did not include Ma'aleh Adumim or Givat Ze'ev but did agree to Modi'in Ilit and Gush Etzion (excluding Efrat).[5]Alan Dowty makes use of the Palestine Papers to refer to a 'Summary of Olmert's Package Offer to Abu Mazen' of August 31, 2008,[6] based on information provided by Palestinian spokesperson Saeb Erekat, to describe an offer whereby Israel would annex 6.8% (calculated excluding No Man's Land and East Jerusalem and including Gush Etzion (with Efrat), Ma'ale Adumim, Givat Ze'ev and Ariel as well all settlements in East Jerusalem) in exchange for 5.5% of Israeli territory.[7]
2015[edit]
Meeting with EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini, Netanyahu voices willingness for the first time since taking office to discuss size of settlement blocs and their borders with Palestinians.[8]In a report using data through 2015, Haaretz, without specifying how it had defined settlement blocs, gave the total number of settlers in blocs in the West Bank (excluding East Jerusalem) as 214,459 (56% of 382,916) located in 19 (of 125) settlements (excluding outposts).[9]
2017[edit]
The 'Greater Jerusalem' law was introduced in 2016 and intended to include (but not annex) five settlement blocks (Ma'aleh Adumim, Gush Etzion, Efrat, Beitar Illit and Givat Ze'ev, 19 settlements), about 150,000 settlers, within Jerusalem's municipal jurisdiction. International pressure, mainly from the United States, resulted in the draft bill being withdrawn from consideration in October, 2017.[10] Password vault manager 6 2 0 0.
2019[edit]
Speaking at a public conference on December 8, 2019, Netanyahu said:
Blocs 3 2 4 Player Games
I think the time has come to extend Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley, and also arrange the status of all the settlements in Judea and Samaria, those inside the settlement blocks, and those that are not in the blocs. They will be part of the state of Israel.[11]
References[edit]
- ^Martin Blecher (15 October 2018). Israeli Settlements: Land Politics beyond the Geneva Convention. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 132–. ISBN978-0-7618-7065-4.
- ^Report on Israeli Settlement in the Occupied Territories, https://fmep.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/11.2.pdf 2001 p=4
- ^'Netanyahu and the Settlements'. New York Times. March 12, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ abcPressman, Jeremy (2003). 'Visions in Collision: What Happened at Camp David and Taba?'. International Security. 28 (2): 20. doi:10.1162/016228803322761955. JSTOR4137467.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^'Explained: How big an obstacle are Israeli settlements to peace?'. Haaretz. February 14, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
- ^http://www.ajtransparency.com/files/4736.pdf
- ^Alan Dowty (22 February 2019). The Israel/Palestine Reader. Wiley. pp. 185–. ISBN978-1-5095-2737-3.
- ^'Netanyahu Proposes Talks on Borders of Settlement Blocs'. Haaretz. May 26, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
- ^'How Many Settlers Really Live in the West Bank? Haaretz Investigation Reveals'. Haaretz. June 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^'Israel's Greater Jerusalem Bill'. Jurist. March 5, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
- ^'Netanyahu insists Jordan Valley annexation discussed with Pompeo'. Jerusalem Post. December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
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